Relativism: Protagoras and Nelson Goodman
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Abstract:
پروتاگوراس در یونان باستان و نلسون گودمن در دورۀ جدید دو تن از برجستهترین مدافعان نسبیگرایی به شمار میروند. گاه ممکن است نثر آن دو فریبنده بنماید، و چه بسا این امر شرح و تفسیر منظور و مراد حقیقی آنها را دشوار سازد. پروتاگوراس و گودمن، با وجود برخی تفاوتها، به دفاع از این دیدگاه به ظاهر افراطی میپردازند که همه وقایع، به معنای حقیقی کلمه، وابسته به دیدگاه انسان است. هدف این مقاله شرح و بررسی رویکردهای نسبیگرایانه این دو اندیشمند برجستۀ نسبیگراست. ابتدا به اجمال برخی از چهرههای نسبیگرایی تعریف و توصیف میشود .سپس به ترتیب نسبیگرایی پروتاگوراس( یا صادق- برای- من) و نسبیگرایی افراطی گودمن مورد بررسی و ارزیابی قرار میگیرد. استدلال کردهام که هر دو قسم نسبیگرایی مورد بحث دچار مشکلات اساسی بوده و این مشکلات، به باور فیلسوف واقعگرا، هر دو آنها را غیر قابل دفاع میسازد. بی تردید، این دو شکل از نسبیگرایی زمینه را برای رویکرد ضد واقعگرایی هموار کرده است؛ ولی در نهایت آشکار میشود که نسبیگرایی افراطی گودمن و بنابر این نظریۀ جهانسازی او همچون نسبیگرایی صادق -برای- من پروتاگوراس مشتمل بر نقصی ویرانگرند و نمیتوانند از اثر براهین ضد نسبیگراییای که از منظر واقعگرایانه اقامه شده است در امان باشند. با این حال باید پذیرفت که متهم کردن نسبیگرایی به خودشکن بودن و عدم انسجام درونی از شیوع و محبوبیت آن نکاسته است.
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Journal title
volume 9 issue 17
pages 137- 152
publication date 2016-02-20
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